This page is used to view different waveforms, do calculations on them and listen to them. Many different waveforms can be generated, some are predefined, but selecting a "user" waveform opens another page where waveforms can be generated form harmonics, tabular data or formula.

Predefined curves

Sinus, ordinary sinus
Triangle, symmetric or asymmetric triangle
Sawtooth /, rising from low value
Sawtooth \, falling from high value
Square, symmetric of asymmetric square wave
Clip sinus, sinus with top and bottom clipped
Clip sinus U, sinus with top and bottom clipped, amplitude is specified for unclipped sinus
Clip triangle, triangle with top and bottom clipped
Clip triangle U, triangle with top and bottom clipped, amplitude is specified for unclipped triangle
Square rise/fall, square with triangular rise and fall times
User, use "Waveforms user curve" to define waveform
Other, get value from other part of miscel program (function is not used yet)

Input values

Rectify	Use the positive (single+), negative (single-) part of the curve,(full) will use the absolut value of the curve
Chop	Chop first/last/both part of a curve, use to simulate triac control (This function does not handle offset)
Vpp & Vofs	Specify the curve amplitude as peek-peek voltage and a offset
Vmax/Vmin	Specify the curve amplitude as max and min voltage
Frequence	Specify frequence for curve, this will not change the curve, but will affect the scale and filter calculations
High Percent	Defines duty cycle
Time/Time 1/Time 2	Specify frequence as periode time, either total or for high/low part of curve
Chop pct.	Defines ammount of curve to chop (start-end), value is in percent of total curve
Clip pct.	Defines ammount of curve to clip (top-bottom), value is in percent of total curve
Filter	See below
Filter Fo	Center frequence for selected filter
FFT	Show a Fast Fournier Transformation for the curve
Play	Use the soundcard to play the waveform, voltage and offset are ignored. MiscEl restrict the output frequence to 10 Hz to 65 kHz and 16 bits. The soundcard will probally restrict the range further

Predefined Filters

None, no filter is applied to waveform
20 dB/dec ideal LP, this filter will reduce each harmonic without changing the fase, it can not be made in real life
20 dB/dec RC LP, a standard low pass filter, as can be made with a resistor, capacitor combination
20 dB/dec RC HP, a standard high pass filter, as can be made with a resistor, capacitor combination
Butterworth LP 2., a low pass filter with butterworth response
Butterworth HP 2., a high pass filter with butterworth response
Only Fo, remove all frequences, except Fo. This will leave a sinus at Fo (if Fo exist as a harmonic)
Remove Fo, Fo is removed from the harmonics.
Remove below Fo, all frequences below Fo is removed from the harmonics.
Remove above Fo, all frequences above Fo is removed from the harmonics.
Remove even harmonic, all even harmonics are removed (curve will always be symmetric after this filter)
Remove odd harmonic, all odd harmonics are removed (symmetric curves will be completly removed)
RIAA, process the curve with the RIAA filter
Other, use some other part of miscel to do the filtering, this function must be enabled from the other page

Output values

All output values are calculated from the shown waveform.

Frequence	Frequence and periode time
DC voltage	Calculated DC, this is also shown as a blue line
Mean voltage	The mean voltage, if the waveform was rectified, this is also shown as a red line
RMS voltage	RMS (Heat) value of waveform, this is also show as a yellow line
Peek-peek voltage	Difference between highest and lowest voltage in waveform
Form factor	An expression that express the differens between RMS and average voltage
Crest factor	An expression that express the differens between peek and RMS voltage. All RMS meters has a max. Crest factor.
Max. slew rate	How fast the voltage is changing
Rdg. on avg. meter	This value is about (Mean voltage)*1.1, and is the value a non RMS meter will show for this waveform
0 dB	Reference use for FFT display
DC voltage	DC component from FFT
n×Fo	Harmonic n and its value (relative, dB, voltage, phase), up to 10 harmonics can be shown

Hints

It is not possible to specify a RMS or mean amplitude for a curve, but using ctrl-n and ctrl-m it is fast to adjust Vpp, until a specified RMS voltage is reaced (Use "System, Prefered components" to adjust stepsize).
Clicking on the curve will measure values
To see the actuel value of higher harmonics, click and drag on the harmonic display
The rectify function is a mathematical function and does not simulate a diode
The play function is using a very high level (for best precision), this may damage loudspeakers.
To pass the waveforms through a filter use the 1. order filters page

Other pages

For calculation on sound in air, use the Sound page.
For calculating filters, use the 1. order filters page.